FIGURE “D” BOUNDARY FACE 10 IN² ACTUATOR EACH WALL 10 IN² (1” X 10”) FIGURE ‘D” illustrates a standard piston and a Diamond-Shaped actuator piped to a common pressurized fluid source. The standard piston attains a total force of 100 pounds (F2) while the Diamond-Shaped actuator attains a force of 117 pounds (F1) when they both experience fluid pressure at 10 PSIG through one inch of travel. The Diamond-Shaped actuator forces 10 in³ of fluid at a pressure of 10 PSIG from the standard piston. The Diamond-Shaped actuator requires 9.99 in³ of the 10 in³ it forced from the standard piston. The Diamond-Shaped actuator applies 102 pounds of its 117 pounds of force to the piston’s shaft, while simultaneously attaining its required 9.99 in³ of fluid from the piston. There is an extra 15 pounds of force through the one-inch travel in each stroke that can be extracted for external work. More detail and a control circuit required for a running machine is presented at http://www.apscontrols.ca, in the patent section. Work input ˂ Work output 1) Work = Pressure X Volume change (W=P∆V) is an accepted formula in physics. 2) The pressures in the piston and the Diamond-Shaped actuator are equal at 10 PSIG. 3) The work output is the volume change (10 in³) of the piston (∆V2). 4) The work input is the volume change (9.99 in³) of the Diamond-Shaped actuator (∆V1). 5) The volume change (∆V1) in the Diamond-Shaped actuator is less than the volume change (∆V2) in the piston and the pressures are equal; therefore, applying the formula W = P∆V, the work input is less than the work output. (Win ˂ Wout) 6) The .01% volume differential is enough to prove Win ˂ Wout , which is a .01% efficiency advantage of the Diamond-Shaped actuator over the piston.; however, actual testing by several scientists/engineers proves ˃ 17% efficiency advantage of the Diamond-Shaped actuator over the piston proving Win ˂ Wout at a greater magnitude, which proves the formula W=P∆V does not apply to the Diamond-Shaped actuator. The formula W=P∆V applies to the piston. 13.235 AIR SUPPLY 10 PSIG AIR 100 POUNDS 117 POUNDS HINGE (TYPICAL) REGULATOR SET TO MAINTAIN EXACTLY 10 PSIG PRESSURE STOP START 1” 10 PSIG FLUID 10 PSIG FLUID 10 PSIG FLUID CUSHION TANK PRESSURIZED AT 10 PSIG VOLUME CHANGE 10 IN³ VOLUME CHANGE 9.99 IN³ DIAMOND-SHAPED (F2) (F1) (∆V1) (∆V2) STANDARD PISTON
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