ISTON BOUNDARY FACE QUASIEQUILIBRIUM EXPANSION OR COMPRESSION PROCESS The figure 2.4, below, is copied from section 2.2.3 in the Second Edition of "FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS" written by MICHAEL J. MORAN of Ohio State University and HOWARD N. SHAPIRO of Iowa State University and Technology. A thorough understanding of this segment in the Laws of Thermodynamics is required for one to understand the development of the hydraulic displacement motor. GAS OR LIQUID PISTON BOUNDARY FACE INCREMENTAL MASSES REMOVED DURING EXPANSION OF THE GAS OR LIQUID The Laws of Thermodynamics conclude that the upward force generated by applying pressurized fluid over the piston's moving boundary face is equal to the downward force exerted by the lifted mass when the piston is in a state of equilibrium. I completely agree with this conclusion for a conventional piston as illustrated. This paper uses pressures and areas identical to our model to establish an understanding of why our new type of piston attains a power increase over a conventional piston. When the face area of the conventional piston is 23.95 IN² and the pressure is 2.51 PSI, the upward force is 60 pounds. If the piston is at equilibrium, the downward force of the mass is 60 pounds. The piston illustrated in Figure 2.4 has linear characteristics regarding its travel to volume relationship. For 2.5 inches of travel, with a face area of 23.95 IN², 59.875 IN³ of volume change is required to lift the 60 pounds of mass. If you rotate a squared off piston 45° and hinge its walls, as per our model, you will create a new type of piston that expands in a diamond shape. It will have four moving walls and exert its total force at the tip. It will only require 59.318 IN³ of fluid to lift the same 2.5 inches. This is .9% less fluid to travel the same distance. The relationship of travel to volume is not linear for this new piston. The experiments with our model have demonstrated that the diamond shaped piston requires 2.24 PSI to lift the 60 pounds of mass to an elevation of 2.5 inches. This is 10.7% less pressure to do the same amount of work as the piston in the illustration 2.4 in "FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS" In comparison to the illustration 2.4 in "FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS", the diamond shaped piston can achieve the same work with .9% less fluid volume and with 10.7% less pressure. This allows the diamond shaped piston to displace fluid out of a conventional piston, at greater volume and at greater pressure, than the volume of fluid required to initially drive the diamond shaped piston. A model, that actually functions, has been built using this relationship to demonstrate a reciprocating motor that powers itself and generates surplus mechanical work. FIGURE 2.4 13.288
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